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Comprehensive Electric Motor Cooling Modeling

Production volumes of electric vehicles (EVs) have increased considerably across light-duty vehicle manufacturers in the past 10-15 years as battery storage safety and efficiency continues to improve. The sale of EVs worldwide is expected to continue as electrification moves from small passenger cars to crossover SUVs and light-duty pickups. As EVs move into every light-duty vehicle category, power and efficiency will play a differentiating role. Increased power outputs will require a more-detailed understanding of the thermal and cooling mechanisms at play within the motor. Lubrication/cooling oil companies will also seek to differentiate their products within EV applications, pursuing opportunities for lubrication and additive testing, development, and simulation in electric motors. With the rapid increase in electrically powered vehicles, there is an increasing need in the modeling community to perform virtual simulations of the e-motors to determine the viability of the motor designs and their performance capabilities. The thermal predictions are extremely vital as they have tremendous impact on the design, spacing and sizes of these motors. Additionally, this type of work can be used to assess the cooling performance of different oil blends with respect to varying fluid properties. Development of new energy efficient motors requires high resolution methods for studying and describing the complex heat transfer phenomena. This presentation showcases the development and validation of a simulation workflow to predict the heat generation and cooling within a light-duty automotive electric motor. A comprehensive 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with conjugate heat transfer (CHT) tool was developed in-house for a popular electric motor using coupled software packages. Due to various physics involved, different simulation tools were implemented. To accurately predict the power loss (heat generation) inside the electric motor, electromagnetic analysis was used to obtain the spatial-dependent power loss in the rotor, stator, and windings. CFD was utilized for simulating the coolant oil flow using the multiphase Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach and FEA was used for simulating the thermal process within the solid domains. These three separate analysis modules were coupled using a system coupling module for increased efficiency. Thermal results obtained from the final converged simulations were compared to the test data obtained from the thermocouple measurements for the two most representative operating points of this electric motor and showed reasonable predictions with similar trend as observed in the test. The overall variations were under 2 °C at all thermocouple locations which was within the margin of error of a standard K-type thermocouple. With this type of model developed and validated, vehicle OEMs and fluid manufacturers can take advantage of simulation to improve e-motor cooling.

Document Details

ReferenceNWC23-0340-presentation
AuthorsMegel. A Shah. B
LanguageEnglish
TypePresentation
Date 16th May 2023
OrganisationSouthwest Research Institute
RegionGlobal

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